Many Words Can Be Used To Describe Martin Luther Religion Essay

Many Words Can Be Used To Describe Martin Luther Religion Essay Many words can be used to describe Martin Luther. As a reformer in the fifteen hundreds he was confident, bold, and controversial. It seems odd that the formation of his faith took place in one of the most pious endeavors one can undertake, the life of a monk. The man who passionately spoke against the pope, the Turks, and the Jews got his beginnings in the most humble of lifestyles. In the year 1505, Martin was walking back to Erfurt from a trip to Mansfeld in the middle of a storm. A lightning bolt struck him and he cried to St. Anne for help exclaiming I will become a monk.  [1]  this vow led to drastic changes in Luthers life. Luthers father, Hans, was very proud of his sons masters degree and was anticipating great things from his son1, and Martins vow to join the monastic life upset his father. Despite his fathers urgings, Luther took his vow seriously (believing it to be the will of God) and became a monk. Martin Luther entered the Augustinian Order in the Black Cloister of Erfurt. The life of a monk in the middle ages was not an easy one. The monks took many vows, the three key vows being the vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity.  [2]  The vow of chastity refers to sexual purity and abstinence. The vow of poverty led monks to dispose of all personal property and live simple lives. The vow of obedience bound monks to their superiors in the order and the church. The life of the monk involved an intense routine of worship services, prayers, confessions, and other religious acts. Luther was not brought peace by these acts as many other monks in his order were, but was instead tortured by the monastic life. Luther said I hoped I might find peace of conscience with fasts, prayer, and the vigils with which I miserably afflicted my body, but the more I sweated it out like this, the lest peace and tranquility I knew.1 He took the monastic rituals extremely seriously, leading him to rep eat prayers and other rituals over and over again if he felt he had omitted Luther once commented Along with many others, I myself have experienced how peaceful and quiet Satan is inclined to be during ones early years as a monk.  [3]  Luther was known to spend many nights in terror over spiritual matters, which further burdened his already stressful life. Although the life and rituals of a monk brought Luther no comfort, he was diligent in his performance of his duties. Luther said If anyone could have gained heaven as a monk, then I would indeed have been among them.5 An important occurrence in Luthers journey as a monk took place on Cantate Sunday in 1507. Martin Luther had the opportunity to perform his first mass. In attendance were his Father, Hans, and several of his spiritual mentors. He was worried about his ability to celebrate the mass perfectly. Luther said of the preface to the mass (where Luther addresses God the Father through the Son); At these words I was utterly stupefied and terror-struck. I thought to myself, With what tongue shall I address such Majesty. . .Who am I that I should lift up my eyes . . ? At his nod the earth trembles. . . And shall I, a miserable pygmy, say I want this, I ask for that? For I am dust and ashes and I am speaking to the living, eternal and true God! Luther was in terror as he stood unworthy before the one true God. This event had profound effects on Luther and his celebration of the mass. Luther seemed throughout his career as a monk to be constantly preoccupied with his unworthiness. This is one of t he many issues that haunted Luthers nights during his time at the monastery. After the mass, Luthers father rebuked him and reminded him of his disapproval by reciting the fourth commandment. Luthers first mass was a traumatic experience in his life. Another issue that haunted Luther was the practice of confession. Luther spent much of his time as a monk confessing his sins. Much the same as prayers and canonical hours, Luther was haunted with the thought of imperfect performance of confession. Luther confessed his sins over and over again to his superior and confessor, Johann Staupitz, who would come to have a great influence on Luthers faith walk. Staupitz eventually became frustrated with Luthers confessing and reconfessing and told him You want to be without sin, but you dont have any real sins anyway. Christ is the forgiveness of awful sins, like the murder of ones parents, public vices, blasphemy, adultery and the like. These are real sinsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you must not inflate your halting, artificial sins out of proportion! Luther was reported to have spent more than one occasion in six hour plus confession sessions with Staupitz. Staupitz and Luther had many discussions over the course of Luthers confessing that helped shap e the faith of the young monk. They discussed grace and salvation through the blood of Christ alone, concepts that would appear strongly in Luthers reformation Staupitz made many attempts to convince Luther to become a doctor and was eventually forced to order Luther under his vow of obedience to become a doctor. After Luther received his doctorate in October of 1512, he engaged in deep biblical study in preparation for his lectures. He spent much of his time writing letters regarding theological matters. During this time his theology began to develop concerning the righteousness of God. Previously he had been frustrated with this concept, saying I felt, with the most disturbed conscience imaginable, that I was a sinner before God. I did not love, indeed I hated the righteous God who punishes sinners and secretly (if not blasphemously and certainly with great grumbling) I was angry with God, and said As if needed it is not enough that miserable sinners, eternally lost through eternal sin, are crushed by every kind of calamity by the law of the ten commandments, without having God add pain to pain by the gospel and also by the gospels threat ening us with his righteousness and wrath! Luthers concept of the righteousness of God shifted from righteousness being something that is achieved by humans to it being a gift bestowed upon mankind by God. This was a critical transformation in Luthers thinking that led to many other changes. Luther became increasingly unhappy with the practices of the church, particularly the practice of indulgences. Luthers frustration with indulgences led to the posting of the ninety five theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg. Thus began the protestant reformation. Throughout the Reformation, Luther put out many documents regarding many areas of the life of a Christian. Many of these documents addressed the monastic life that Luther struggled so much with in his younger years. Monastic vows were addressed in many of Luthers important documents including To The Christian Nobility, and On The Freedom of A Christian. Luther even condemned the monastic lifestyle as a blasphemous humanly invented service in the Smalcald articles, one of the items in the book of Concord. Luthers strongest condemnation against monasticism came in his 1521 document The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. This document was brought about by argument over the issue of clerical celibacy taking place at churches in Magdeburg, Meissen, and Wittenberg. Luther wrote Theses on Vows addressing this subject. He was urged to write The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. when it came to his attention that many monks were leaving of considering leaving their monaster ies. This book would serve as a guide or manual for a monk had left or was considering leaving. The concept of counsels is essential to understand when approaching this work of Luther. Luther shows that the teachings of the New Testament are split up into precepts and counsels. Precepts are the teachings that God has commanded us to follow. Counsels are teachings that may be beneficial to the life of a believer, but are not commanded. One of the problems with the situation regarding monastic vows is that supporters of vows see the commands of Christ as counsels rather than precepts. Luther holds the view that Christs teachings are precepts and following anything contrary to or even beyond the teachings of Christ is sin. This argument is of great importance to the issue of monastic vows. The first section of the book is entitled Vows do not rest on the Word of God, they run counter to the Word of God. Luther starts out his document by presenting monastic vows as a danger. The fact that monastic vows are not commanded in the Bible was Luthers first major issues with the practice. Luther says that the father of monks, St. Anthony did not intend for Christians to pursue a monastic lifestyle, the lifestyle was what he felt led to live. Only after St. Anthonys life did the monastic lifestyle become a vow. Luther also speaks to the authority of Paul in this first section of the work. He says that Paul had unique authority compared to most church fathers because his authority came directly from Christ. After making those two points, Luther says Let this principle be laid down: Whatever is commanded which is contrary to or beyond Christ is condemned. He goes on to say that this principle exists even if it is in an attempt to follow the saints of church fathers. Although Luth er does not believe in the divine authority of the saints or church fathers, he uses the saints in his work which would certainly appeal to a monk debating whether or not to leave the monastery. Luther clarifies the purpose of the gospel as he moves through this section. He feels as if part of the idea behind monastic vows comes from a flawed view of the gospel. The gospel is simply the promises of God declaring the benefits offered to man, according to Luther. The gospel, which frees us from death, sin and the power of the devil, should not lead one into a monastic life. This section also states that everything taught by Christ is necessary to be obeyed. The teachings of Christ are clearly laid out for us as necessary when he refers to them as commandments. Since the teachings of Christ are commandments, Luther says that choosing to follow something else such as monastic vows is Godlessness, blasphemy, sacrilege. Luther is extremely clear that virginity is never commanded in the bible. Moreover, it is not a counsel, biblically is not recommended for our benefit. Luther rebukes the church presenting virginity as something needed for salvation. Luther also says that monastic vows are improper because they cause monks to forsake their Christian duty, a concept very important to Luther. The first section of The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows uses scripture and logic to show that monastic vows are not mandated or suggested in scripture, and in some cases can run contrary to scripture. The next section of the work is titled Vows Against Faith. Luther goes to lengths in this section to show that monastic vows are sins. Luther claims that those who take monastic vows are not placing their faith in Christ but in other things. Luther puts it well when he says They assess all the things of God by the limitations of their own human judgment, and found their faith not on the rock of faith but on the sands and swamps of their own unbelief. The belief in vows and therefore works is unnecessary in light of salvation through the blood of Christ. This concept goes to show the impact that Luthers time at the monastery had in his theology. The long nights he spent contemplating salvation and the long discussions he had with Staupitz through the confessional wall concerning grace were making their appearance in his theology. Luther cites scripture throughout this work, leaning especially on Romans on the topic of justification. Over the course of his work during the reformation, Luther was relentless in his defense of the gospel, especially when any party threatened salvation by faith alone. When Tetzel was at the height of his popularity, Luther was quickly on the defense, writing and speaking passionately against the sale of indulgences. This was also the case with monastic vows. Luther spent page after page giving passage after passage explaining that salvation was a gift of God, not achievable by works. To assist in making his point against monastic vows, he brings up that the apostle Paul said Everything that is not of faith is sin. Luther is very clear that monastic vows violate faith. The next section in The judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows is entitled Vows Are Against Evangelical Freedom Luther takes time to define Christian Liberty, which he did in an in depth manner approximately one year prior to this work in On the Freedom of a Christian. Part of the freedom given to us by Gods gift of salvation, according to Luther, is that we do not have to place out trust in works. Monastic vows represent a direct violation of this concept in Luthers eyes. Luther An important part of The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows comes when Luther speaks of the two ways to carry out works of the law. According to Luther, there are times when works of the law are carried out by our own will and effort. Works of the law are often done by the work of Christ in the life of a Christian. Luther says that vows can work in much the same way. It is possible for Christ to work in the life of a Christian leading him or her to make a vow in the spirit of freedom. In the case of Monastic vows however, Christ is not leading towards a vow. Christ cannot be behind a monastic vow because monastic vows attempt to further bind monks to the law (which as Luther stated earlier is not the law of God, but includes extra regulations added by humans). All Christians should have the freedom of the gospel, not the bondage of the law. Luther says that a vow complying with evangelical freedom would include a way to relinquish the vow. This is sometimes necessary accordin g to Luther who says If love should demand that the vow be broken and you were to hold fast to your vow you would be sinning. Luther began his document by destroying the authority of monastic vows. When he comes to his fourth section, Vows Are Contrary To The Commandments of God, he has also shown monastic vows as enemies of Christian freedom and of the faith itself. Luther begins the section by taking issue with the denominations of monks; They are no longer called Christians, or children of God, but rather Benedictines, Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians. In fulfilling the title of this section, Luther shows monastic vows being in opposition to both the first and second commandments. Monks, by elevating themselves above other members of the body in title and behavior, set themselves as the head of the church rather than Christ. This is a clear violation of the first commandment. Luther also presents monks as having an inflated view of themselves, believing themselves to be more pious, more worshipful, and more holy. Luther sees this as a violation of the second commandment. He says that by their action s and their view of themselves they blaspheme against the name of God. The practice of monastic vows is in contrast to the first table of the Ten Commandments, dealing with humans relations to God. Luther also accuses monastic vows of being in violation of the second table of the Ten Commandments, the table dealing with the reactions between men. The nature of the monastic lifestyle, seclusion and piety is a violation against ones Christian duty to his or her neighbor, or as Luther puts is a violation against love. Luther has now taken his views farther than before, accusing monastic vows and monks themselves of directly violating several of the Ten Commandments. The fifth and final section of Luthers work, Monasticism is Contrary to common sense and reason, showcases his God given abilities. Luther was well versed in logic and rhetoric from his schooling. This final section uses logic as much as scripture to put to rest the issue of monastic vows. Luther takes very basic biblical concepts and uses logic to show how monastic vows are contrary to the concepts. After this logical attack, Luther finishes the work with a Final Assault. Luther takes the ideas expressed over the lengthy work and condenses them into a conclusion. He shows each of the three vows that monks take to be unnecessary, unworthy, and sinful. The indecisive monk reading The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows no longer has any questions as to the worthiness of monastic vows. Martin Luther wrote The Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows to help struggling monks, of which he was one, in their decision to leave their order. Many of the issues that Luther addresses in this work are issues that confronted him during his time at the monastery. Luther was haunted by the need to perform works to gain salvation in his time at the monastery. He was also haunted by the need to perform the practices and rituals necessary of a monk. He addresses both of these issues at length in his document. His time at the monastery makes this piece a very personal work for Martin Luther. Luther underwent a transformation during his time at the monastery that led to his reformation theology. After his theological transformation, he applied his theology to the issue of monastic vows that haunted him for so long. Martin Luther was profoundly affected by monasticism, which showed in the theology of the reformation.

Effects of Having an Ofw Parents

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the data gathered on the respondents regarding on the effects of having an OFW parents. Table 1 shows that 35% are mother, 40% are father and 25% of the respondents are both parents are working abroad. This means that more father works abroad than mother and only few of the parents both work abroad. Mostly, the father is the one working for the family to sustain mainly the financial needs of the family but due to the absence of father (single-mom), they have to work hard for their children. Table 1Parent/s who work abroad | f| %| Mother| 7| 35| Father| 8| 40| Both| 5| 25| Total| 20| 100| Table 2 shows that the reasons of parents for going abroad are bigger salary (3. 05), good career opportunities (3. 05), good work/private work balance (2. 90), challenging job (2. 45), and experience something new (2. 75). This means that the primary reason for parents for working abroad are to have a bi gger salary to sustain the needs of their children and to have good career opportunities for the security of the family. On the other hand, challenging job is not the reason of the parents for working abroad.Philippine government offers a low salary even in some professionals like nurses, engineers and teachers that’s why many would prefer to work as a domestic helpers or office clerks and leave their professional jobs in the Philippines because in most cases, they’ll get paid higher overseas. And also discrimination in having job opportunities is implemented. In this case, overage applicants which comprises the age of the parents are given the least opportunity so they decided to work overseas. Another is the school which they have graduated, which is practically not necessary, is also a big factor to the employers in the country.Doing a job is about doing it well competitively. Table 2 Reasons why parent/s choose to work abroad | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| Bigg er Salary| 3. 05| Agree| 1. 5| Good career opportunities| 3. 05| Agree| 1. 5| Good work/private work balance| 2. 90| Agree| 3| Challenging job| 2. 45| Disagree| 5| Experience something new| 2. 75| Agree| 4| Total| | | | Table 3 illustrates that the benefits of having parent/s working abroad are meeting their needs including wants (2. 95), sending them to a good school (2. 95), learning to be independent (2. 80), having a decent living (3. 05), and assuring a better future.This only shows that the most benefit of having parent/s that work abroad is to have a decent living while the least is to learn to be independent. Table 3 What are the benefits of having parent/s who work abroad? | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| They can meet our needs including wants as well. | 2. 95| Agree| 3| They can send us to a good school. | 2. 95| Agree| 3| We learned to be independent. | 2. 80| Agree| 5| We can afford a decent living. | 3. 05| Agree| 1| We can assure better future. | 2. 95| Agree| 2| To tal| | | | Different Problems Encountered as a Child of an OFWTable 4 demonstrates the problems, with respect to their home and family relations, which children of an OFW encounter in the absence of their parent/s. These are the feeling that they don’t have a home (1. 95), not getting along well with their brother/sister (2. 00), not getting along well with their mother/father (2. 15), and also the feeling of anxious and lonely most of the time (2. 10). This means that these problems do not exist to them as a child of an OFW. Table 4 Home and Family Relations | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| I feel that I don’t have a home. | 1. 95| Disagree| 4|I do not get along well with my brother/sister. | 2. 00| Disagree| 3| I do not get along well with my father/mother. | 2. 15| Disagree| 1| I am anxious and lonely most of the time. | 2. 10| Disagree| 2| Total| | | | Table 5 displays the problems, in accordance to the respondents’ moral values, which children of an OFW e ncounter in the absence of their parent/s. These are being unable to determine right from wrong (2. 15), being confused on some moral questions (2. 10), having troubled or guilt conscience (1. 90), easily giving in to temptations (2. 20), and having a certain bad habit (2. 15).With corresponds to their moral values, the respondents do not viewed the above problems as a problem of an OFW child. Table 5 Moral Values | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| I am unable to determine right from wrong. | 2. 15| Disagree| 2| I am confused on some moral questions. | 2. 10| Disagree| 4| I am having troubled or guilt conscience. | 1. 90| Disagree| 5| I am easily giving in to temptations. | 2. 20| Disagree| 1| I am having a certain bad habit. | 2. 15| Disagree| 2| Total| | | | Table 6 presents the problems, with respect to education aspects, which children of an OFW encounter in the absence of their parent/s.These are being inspired to study well (2. 40), affecting their punctuality in attending cla sses which includes being late (2. 55), receiving low grades (2. 10), and not having support from family members when doing their school related activities. This means that most problem that a child of an OFW encounter is not receiving support from family members when doing their school related activities. This is because their parents are away so they have to do that on their own or by the help of their friends. On the other hand, receiving low grades is not their problem.Students of an OFW still study well even if their parent/s is not around to support them. Table 6 Education Aspects | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| I am inspired to study well. | 2. 40| Disagree| 3| I t affects my punctuality in attending classes. | 2. 55| Agree| 2| I receive low grades. | 2. 10| Disagree| 4| I don’t have support from family members when doing my school related activities. | 3. 25| Agree| 1| Total| | | | Table 7 shows the problems, in accordance to the respondents’ general well-be ing, which children of an OFW encounter in the absence of their parent/s.These are longing for parental care (2. 40), experiencing confusion on gender boundaries (2. 00), experiencing reversal of gender roles (2. 15), having poor social adjustment (1. 50), and putting burden to girl children in performing household chores (2. 20). This means that as a well- being, respondents do not experienced the above stated problems and strongly disagree they are having a poor social adjustment because in the absence of their parent/s, they usually have their friends to socialized. Table 7 General Well-being | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| I am longing for parental care. | 2. 0| Disagree| 1| I experienced confusion on gender boundaries. | 2. 00| Disagree| 3| I experienced reversal of gender roles. | 2. 15| Disagree| 4| I have poor social adjustment. | 1. 50| Strongly disagree| 5| Burden of girl children in performing household chores| 2. 20| Disagree| 2| Total| | | | Table 8 illustrates the t hree different ways of communication the respondents communicate with their parent/s abroad which are internet (60%), phone (40%), and airmails. Due to the innovation of modern technology, most of the respondents communicate with their parent/s abroad through internet and phone.Today, airmails or paper mails are not been used in communicating. Table 8 Ways of Communication to Parent/s Working Abroad | f| %| Internet| 12| 60| Phone| 8| 40| Airmail| 0| 0| Total| 20| 100| Table 9 demonstrates the frequency of communication between the parent/s abroad and their children. 30% of the respondents admitted that they have their communication almost every day, 3-5 times a week, and 1-2 times a week. Only 10% of the respondents have their communication once a month. Table 9 Frequency of Communication | f| %| Everyday| 6| 30| 3-5 times a week| 6| 30| -2 times a week| 6| 30| once a month| 2| 10| Total| 20| 100| Table 10 below displays the ways parent/s working abroad help their children in solvi ng their problems. Most parents working abroad give advices to their children regarding to their problem (35%). They also cheer up (20%) their children when they have problems to increase their children’s confidence in solving problems that they’re facing. Other ways are having a heart to heart to talk until the problem is solved (10%), sharing stories and past experiences with regards to the problem (10%), and also giving their support o their children (10%). Table 10 How does parent/s working abroad help their children in solving their problems? | F| %| They give me advices regarding to my problems | 7| 35| We always talk until my problem is solved. | 3| 15| They cheer me up when I'm down. | 4| 20| They share stories to me regarding to my problem. | 3| 15| They always give their support on me. | 3| 15| Total| 20| 100| Table 11 presents the recipient of the money earned by the parent/s working abroad. Mostly, the money is managed by the father or mother that is left ( 75%).If both parents are working abroad, the money is been given to manage by other older relatives (15%) like grandfather or grandmother and also by an older sister or brother (10%). Table 11 Who is the recipient of the money earned by the parent/s working abroad? | F| %| Mother/father| 15| 75| Sister/brother| 2| 10| Other relatives| 3| 15| Total| 20| 100| Table 12 above presents the way of managing the money earned by parent/s working abroad. It shows that the money is being used primarily for household allowance (3. 50) in buying the daily needs of the family and next is for the education purposes or school allowance (3. 0) in paying the educational fees and daily allowance of the students in the family. The respondents also admitted that they used the money for the medication (2. 95) of the family whenever someone has been hospitalized or get sick. On the other hand, they refused that the money earned by their parent/s abroad is being used for shopping (2. 10) or buying luxury i tems. Table 12 How is it being used? | WM| Verbal Interpretation| Rank| Medication| 2. 95| Agree| 3| Household Allowance| 3. 50| Agree| 1| School Allowance| 3. 20| Agree| 2| Shopping| 2. 10| Disagree| 4| Total| | | |

How Does Williams Explore the Theme of Entrapment in the Glass Menagerie Essay

Tennessee Williams explores the theme of entrapment and flight through symbolism and motifs that depict a want for escape, relationships that portray entrapment of each other and conventions of a play, such as scenery, stage directions, narrative and dialogue that heighten these ideas as a whole. The opening scene sketches out the scenery and initial symbol of entrapment for all the characters – the flat which is ‘always burning with the slow implacable fires of human depression’. As Williams describes, the flat is a symbol of depression, formulated by the era the play was set in, the 1930s – just after the Wall St. Crash, in which America suffered great economic depression. The words â€Å"burning† and ‘fires’ link into the main symbol that literally attaches itself to the flat: the fire escape. Williams describes it as ‘accidental poetic truth’, telling us that this is not only an escape from tangible fire, but also an escape from the ‘fires of human depression’ – not only the economic depression of society, but in many ways the depression of the Wingfield family themselves. As it is the only entrance into the Wingfield apartment, it is in essence, their only escape. Williams explores this symbol further through his character Tom, who frequently goes out to smoke on the fire escape in an attempt to escape the reality of his home. For example, in Scene 5, Tom goes outside to smoke and talks to the audience about how the â€Å"world was waiting for bombardments† – showing Tom’s desire for adventure – foreshadowing his flight in Scene 7. Opposite to this, showing the difference in character, Laura trips up on the fire escape in Scene 4. This shows how Laura is unable to truly escape the flat and, in many ways, does not seek flight, but is more, hurt when attempting to seek flight. This links into the symbolism of the broken glass unicorn in Scene 7, in which Jim attempts to free Laura from her shyness and peculiarity; however, in the end, Jim shatters Laura emotionally, breaking off the horn of the unicorn. Relating back to the era of depression and the idea of ‘escapism’, Tom, as Williams’ protagonist, explores the concept of escape in various forms, such as books, the cinema and his own poetry. For example, in Scene 3, Amanda takes away Tom’s book by D. H. Lawrence, who was a contemporary writer of the time, that allowed Tom to escape into his stories. When Amanda took this away, it led to an argument between the two, emphasising the importance of escapism to Tom and how, without it, he could not entirely cope with the reality of his situation. The idea of escaping to the cinema links into the want for adventure, this is also highlighted in Scene 3, when Tom talks of going to ‘opium dens’ and joining the ‘Hogan Gang’ whilst ‘leading a double-life’ and occasionally being called ‘El Diablo’ – all of these ideas are inspired by films and through sarcastically describing how he is all these, outlines the fact he feels his lifestyle is dull and without adventure – against, showing Tom seeking flight. However, Tom wanting to seek flight conflicts with his awareness that he will disrupt Amanda and Laura’s life by abandoning them. This is evident in scene, through Williams’ use of the ‘magic coffin trick’ as a symbol of how Tom wishes to be. Whilst the magician is able to escape from the coffin without removing the nails, Tom is aware of how he is unable to escape from his family without disrupting Laura or Amanda’s lives. Here, the coffin in symbolic of Tom’s family and the warehouse – how he finds it to entrap him as though he were in a coffin, giving negative connotations of being suppressed and without choice. In many ways, however, this scene also explores how Tom is trapped emotionally by his care for his family, particularly Laura. Tom confides in her his feelings and thoughts of wanting to escape like the magician, showing a degree of closeness and trust; whilst, in general, it is his care for his family, the fact that he will disrupt the nails of the coffin, that prevents him from immediately taking flight. In terms of Laura herself, the glass menagerie in the central symbol to the play and represents, not only the different aspects of Laura, that is delicate and fragile, but also how Laura is trapped within a cabinet – within the fantasy world of glass figures. This links into the phrase ‘left on the shelf’, the idea that Laura, being part of the glass collections, has been left away from leading the normal life of romance which she fantasises about with Jim, showing how she has trapped herself on the shelf by being out of touch with reality, trapped within the cabinet. Linking on from the glass figures being symbolic of Laura, the delicacy could be seen as symbolic of her disability, something Laura also believes traps her from being ‘normal’. However, this links onto the next aspect of exploring relationships, and in many ways Amanda is responsible for Laura’s belief that her disability entraps her. In Scene 2, Amanda’s entrapment of Laura becomes evident in three different lights, Laura’s fear of disappointing Amanda, Amanda’s overbearingness as a parent and the idea planted in Laura’s head by Amanda that her disability my hinder her in life. This becomes more apparent when Laura states to her mothers ‘I couldn’t face it’, referring to the fact the disappointment that would received if Laura had told Amanda that she ad quite the typewriting course. This shows how Laura feels there is a strong expectation from Amanda that she has to fulfill and this prevents her from performing her best. This expectation from Amanda links into her being overbearing rather than empathetic with Laura. The clear example in Scene 2 is that Amanda tried to send Laura to the typewriting course, and when that failed, pushed even further for Laura to find a husband. This lack of empathy is demonstrated when Amanda refers to Laura throwing up at the typewriting course as ‘nervous indigestion’. Referring to throwing up due to nerves as ‘indigestion’ underplays how Laura would have felt, suggesting it to be ridiculous. This also shows how Amanda’s lack of empathy would lead to her disappointment in Laura that Laura ‘couldn’t face’, showing how Amanda traps Laura through expectation. This idea that Laura is too embarrassed to even tell her mother is emphasised when the legend ‘The Crust of Humility’ appears on the screen – adding a dramatic effect showing Laura’s humility she feels in confessing to her mother that she threw up. The last idea relates to Laura having a cripple and how Laura feels this might hinder here in finding a husband – ‘Laura [in a tone of frightened apology]: I’m – crippled! ’. The ‘frightened apology’ suggests that being ‘crippled’ is something Laura is ashamed of and damages her, not just in the physical sense of being crippled, but in the emotional sense. Being emotionally crippled links back to throwing up at the typewriting course due to nerves; Laura is under the impression that her cripple leads her to be at a disadvantage and not ‘normal’, evoking a shyness in groups and ‘nervous indigestion’ – showing how Laura is, in many ways, trapped by her own ‘disability’ in more than one sense. However, this idea that Laura is crippled is overplayed by Amanda, who ironically highlights Laura’s cripple whilst trying to desperately avoid it, ‘you’re not crippled (†¦ ) hardly noticeable, even! ’. Through turning this into an exclamatory phrase does the opposite of what Amanda is trying to achieve; by pointing out Laura does have a cripple she highlights the fact it exists. For Laura, this would highlight the fact that she crippled and furthermore, add to her shyness which prevents her from truly taking flight. Overall, despite Laura partly trapping herself by her own emotional disabilities, it is Amanda that enhances this and, in essence, traps Laura. Amanda being overbearing plays out in scene 3, when Tom confronts her with the frustration he has felt from Amanda’s lack of empathy for him that leads to her overbearingness. For example, Amanda refuses to let Tom go to the movies: ‘You’re going to listen! No more insolence from you! I’m at the end of my patience! ’ showing how not only Amanda tries to restrain Tom, but also talks down to him like a child, with the use of constant exclamatory phrases that give the impression of shouting. Tom wanting to go to the cinema, as previously stated, is a symbol of his escapism, therefore, Amanda wanting him to stay is her attempt to entrap him – talking to him like a child shows the want and need to control him from seeking flight. This could be due to the fact Amanda sees Mr. Wingfield in Tom and suspects that Tom will soon take his own flight as well. Amanda further traps top by placing upon him the burden of the family, ‘Jeopardize the security of us all? ’, which is what Tom was possibly trying to escape from in the first place. Although being the ‘man of the family’ creates a natural role of responsibility that in many ways traps Tom from leaving, Amanda emphasises this more by telling Tom that he will end their security if he leaves. By highlighting this point, although it is intended to keep Tom at home, in many ways, may push him further away as it increases the burden placed on him to look after the family. Furthermore, by stopping Tom from going to the cinemas, Amanda is denying Tom of escapism in movies and this could be what also led to his eventual flight, along with the want to escape the dwelling of the Wingfields all together. Overall, Tennessee Williams explores the idea of flight and entrapment through not only symbols, but the relationships between each character, showing how they are entrapped, not only by society, but by each other and themselves.

Bone And Joint Health And How It Effects The Elderly...

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue with consequential increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture† This condition is a result of an imbalance in the normal processes of â€Å" bone formation† and â€Å"bone reabsorption† which work together to maintain bone strength.† (Leyland, S. 2013) The purpose of this paper is to educate the reader about bone and joint health and how it effects the elderly population. The topic of this paper is osteoporosis. Issue and Significance to Healthy Aging According to Mayo Clinic signs and symptoms are not evident in the early stages of the disease but when bone loss has occurred can include back pain caused by fractures or collapsed vertebra, loss of height over time, a stooped posture, and a bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected. Older adults risk is also increased due to other age-related factors such as â€Å"poor balance, poor body mechanics, and gait disturbances.† (Davis, G., White, T., Yang, A., 2006). The risk for osteoporosis is increased if individuals have gone through early menopause, have been on corticosteroids for several months at a time or if either of their parents have had hip fractures. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014) Osteoporosis can be affected by how much bone mass has been obtained in youth, as it peaks during early 20’s, thus the more bone mass acquired at an early age,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Physiological Changes On Children Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe term older adu lt will be referring to individuals chronologically aged 65 and older. The impacts of physiological changes can be drastic on an older adult, however it is important to note no two people age the same and it is critical to view elderly as individuals. 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